Efectos de una Charla Antitabaco en Adolescentes Fumadores de Colegios Públicos y Privados en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Effects of an Anti-Smoking talk on Adolescent Smokers in Public and Private Schools in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile

Introducción. El tabaquismo es responsable de una gran cantidad de muertes en el mundo, la gran prevalencia del tabaquismo entre adolescentes, así como la baja edad de inicio del consumo, genera preocupación y la necesidad de implementar intervenciones específicas a esta población. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de una charla antitabaco en adolescentes de colegios públicos y privados en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental, se realizó una charla antitabaco en dos colegios (público y privado), se evaluó la motivación para dejar de fumar con el Test de Richmond en una muestra de 13 estudiantes pre y post charla. Resultados. hubo una mejora en los puntajes de Richmond post charla en ambos colegios, siendo mayor en el colegio público, sin embargo, la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,09). Discusión. La evidencia respalda la efectividad de las charlas antitabaco. Existe una relación entre nivel socioeconómico y tabaquismo, sin embargo, no hay otros estudios que comparen la efectividad en los distintos estratos sociales. Se reconocen limitaciones del estudio como el tamaño de la muestra y el muestreo no aleatorio, se recomiendan nuevos estudios que incluyan otras variables. Conclusiones. A pesar de limitaciones del estudio, se respalda la implementación de charlas antitabaco en entornos educativos, enfatizando la necesidad de adaptar estrategias a contextos socioeconómicos específicos para mejorar la salud pública.

Background. Introduction: Smoking is responsible for a significant number of deaths worldwide, and the high prevalence of smoking among adolescents, as well as early age of onset, raises concerns, and the need of targeted interventions for this group. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an anti-smoking talk on students from public and private schools in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. Methods. A quasi-experimental quantitative study involving an anti-smoking talk in two schools (public and private) assessed the motivation to quit smoking using the Richmond Test in a sample of 13 students pre and post the talk. Results. There was an improvement in Richmond scores post-talk in both schools, with a greater increase observed in the public school. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.09). Discussion. The evidence supports the effectiveness of anti-smoking talks. A relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking exists, yet there are no studies comparing effectiveness across different socioeconomic strata. Study limitations, such as sample size and non-random sampling, are acknowledged, and further research incorporating additional variables is recommended. Conclusions. Despite study limitations, advocating for the implementation of anti-smoking talks in educational settings is supported, emphasizing the need to adapt strategies to specific socioeconomic contexts to enhance public health.

Prevalência e Fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco em acadêmicos da saúde em Goiânia, Goiás / Prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health students in Goiânia, Goiás

Introdução: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar e identificar a prevalência e fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco entre acadêmicos da saúde. Métodos: A pesquisa contou com 407 acadêmicos dos cursos de Biomedicina, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia e Nutrição de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de maio de 2020, por um formulário eletrônico, disponibilizado em e-mail institucional, grupos de estudos e redes sociais. O procedimento ocorreu após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, cujo parecer 3.966.951. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes (79,6%) eram do sexo feminino, solteiros (75,2%) com idade média de 25,32 anos. O consumo de tabaco foi confirmado por 10,8% participantes. Quanto ao consumo de produtos derivados de tabaco 24,1% dos entrevistados já consumiram produto de tabaco, 8,6% assumiram tabagismo ocasional, e 4,2% tabagismo ativo. Conclusões: A associação entre tabagismo e as variáveis sociodemográficas demonstrou que alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 5,25 [IC:1,34-20,22] p=0,017), homens (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91]), estudantes turno matutino (OR: 1,96 [IC:1,02-3,78] p=0,04) e que residem com tabagistas (OR:4,44 [IC: 2,24-8,80]) apresentaram maiores chances de serem tabagista. A associação em relação ao consumo de derivados do tabaco, os homens apresentaram maiores prevalências de consumo de derivados de tabaco (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91] p=0,045) bem como, alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 6,40 [IC:2,31-17,7] P<0,01), que estudam no turno Noturno (OR:1,85 [IC:1,16-8,82] p=0,009) e entre os que residem com tabagistas (OR: 4,49 [IC:2,24-8,80] p<0,001).

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate and identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health academics. Methods: The survey involved 407 students from Biomedicine, Physical Education, Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Nutrition courses at a Higher Education Institution. Data collection was carried out in May 2020, through an electronic form, available in institutional email, study groups and social networks. The entire procedure took place after approval by the Ethics Committee. Results: Most participants (79.6%) were female, single (75.2%) with a mean age of 25.32 years. Tobacco consumption was confirmed by 10.8% of the participants. As for the consumption of tobacco products, 24.1% of the interviewees had already consumed some tobacco product, 8.6% assumed occasional smoking, and 4.2% active smoking. Conclusions: The association between smoking and sociodemographic variables showed that Pharmacy students (OR: 5.25 [CI:1.34-20.22] p=0.017), men (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91]), morning shift students (OR: 1.96 [CI:1.02-3.78] p=0.04) and those who live with smokers (OR:4.44 [CI : 2.24-8.80]) were more likely to be smokers. The association in relation to the consumption of tobacco derivatives, men had a higher prevalence of consumption of tobacco derivatives (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91] p=0.045) as well as Pharmacy students (OR: 6.40 [CI:2.31-17.7] P<0.01), those who study the night shift (OR:1.85 [CI:1.16-8.82] p=0.009 ) and among those who live with smokers (OR: 4.49 [CI:2.24-8.80] p<0.001).

Tobacco cessation in patients with multiple chronic conditions: nutritional strategies as an additional tool in treatment

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impacts of a nutritional education intervention for patients with multiple chronic conditions during smoking cessation. Methods The non-probabilistic sample comprised 18 adults and seniors of both sexes recruited from a smoking cessation treatment group. At the beginning of treatment, smoking history, degree of dependence, and stage of motivation were assessed. Degree of craving was evaluated weekly for the 1st month. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were conducted at baseline, at 1 month, and at 3 months. Dietary intake was assessed with the "How is your diet?" questionnaire. The nutritional intervention was delivered in three sessions. The themes covered were energy balance and physical activity, healthy eating, and the importance of fruit and vegetables in the diet. Statistical analysis was conducted with the Shapiro Wilk test of normality, the paired t test, and the Wilcoxon or Mann-Whitney U tests (significance ≤ 0.05). Results Most people (55.6%) in the intervention group had a high degree of smoking dependence, while the frequency in the control group was 22.2%. Degree of craving decreased significantly after 1 month of treatment (p = 0.017). After 3 months, both groups had a positive variation in mean body weight, although below 3%. In both groups, the average percentage of weight gain was less than 3%, suggesting that delivery of the nutritional education sessions and the nutritionist's use of the protocol proposed by the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) helped to control weight gain. Blood glucose and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) both increased significantly in the intervention group (p = 0.15 and p = 0.50, respectively). Conclusion Greater proximity and more frequent intervention by a nutritionist assists and encourages healthy eating practices during the smoking cessation process, which can benefit individuals' control of chronic diseases over the long term.

Transtorno do espectro do autismo e o uso materno e paterno de medicamentos, tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas / Maternal and paternal licit and illicit drug use, smoking and drinking and autism spectrum disorder

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre o TEA e o uso materno e paterno de medicamentos, tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado com crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com TEA e indivíduos neurotípicos. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de entrevista com as mães ou responsáveis. Foram analisadas as variáveis sexo e idade das crianças/adolescentes; idade dos pais; uso de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação; classes de medicamentos usados na gestação; tabagismo materno e paterno; etilismo materno e paterno; uso de drogas ilícitas pelos pais. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística, além da razão de chances (OR) bruta e ajustada. Os resultados mostraram que, após os ajustes, foi encontrada associação entre o uso materno na gestação de antitérmicos/analgésicos (OR = 2,26; IC95% 1,29-3,95; p < 0,040) com o TEA. Já o uso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas materno e paterno, antes e durante a gestação, não apontou relação com o TEA. Os dados encontrados sugerem que existe influência de fatores ambientais no desenvolvimento do TEA.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal and paternal licit and illicit drug use, smoking and drinking and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a case-control study with children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and neurotypical individuals. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during interviews with the children's mothers or guardians. The following variables were analyzed: child sex and age; maternal and parental age; use of medicines before and during pregnancy; classes of medicines used during pregnancy; maternal and paternal smoking; maternal and paternal drinking; maternal and paternal illicit drug use. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR). After adjustment, the results showed an association between maternal use of antipyretics/pain killers during pregnancy (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 1.29-3.95; p < 0.040) and ASD. No association was found between maternal and paternal smoking, drinking and illicit drug use before and during pregnancy and ASD. The findings suggest that the development of ASD is influenced by environmental factors.

Frecuencia de enfermedades periodontales y características clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción

Las enfermedades periodontales son consideradas entre las más comunes entre las patologías bucales. Su frecuencia es cada vez más elevada en la población y existen varias patologías sistémicas y hábitos que empeoran su cuadro clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedades periodontales que acuden a la cátedra de periodoncia en la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción en el período de 2011 al 2019. Estudio Observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, se procesaron 477 fichas clínicas de pacientes de la cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción desde el año 2011 al 2019. El tipo de muestreo utilizado fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. De las 477 fichas solo se analizaron 317 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Fueron el 56.46 % de sexo femenino y 43,53 % de sexo masculino, la mediana de edad fue de 33 (23-48) años. El 53% los pacientes presentaban periodontitis crónica y comorbilidades como diabetes e hipertensión arterial. Solo el 11,9 % fueron fumadores. En cuanto a los pacientes diabéticos la mayoría eran de sexo femenino y de edad avanzada, presentando como diagnóstico más frecuente la periodontitis crónica. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente de la población estudiada fue la periodontitis crónica, seguido por la gingivitis.

Periodontal diseases are considered among the most common among oral pathologies. Its frequency is increasingly higher in the population and there are several systemic pathologies and habits that worsen its clinical condition. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with periodontal diseases who attend the periodontics department at the Autonomous University of Asunción in the period from 2011 to 2019. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, 477 clinical records were processed. of patients from the Department of Periodontics at the Autonomous University of Asunción from 2011 to 2019. The type of sampling used was non-probabilistic for convenience. Of the 477 records, only 317 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. They were 56.46% female and 43.53% male, the median age was 33 (23-48) years. 53% of the patients had chronic periodontitis and comorbidities such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Only 11.9% were smokers. Regarding diabetic patients, the majority were female and elderly, with chronic periodontitis as the most frequent diagnosis. The most frequent clinical diagnosis of the studied population was chronic periodontitis, followed by gingivitis.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de cigarro eletrônico por estudantes universitários / Prevalence and factors associated with electronic cigarette use by university students / Prevalencia y factores asociados al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos por estudiantes universitarios

Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência do uso do cigarro eletrônico e a associação com fatores preditores. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analítico, com amostra probabilística de universitários matriculados em um Centro Universitário de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil no segundo semestre de 2022. A variável dependente referiu-se ao uso do cigarro eletrônico. As variáveis independentes referiram a fatores sociodemográficas, laborais e comportamentais. A associação entre as variáveis investigadas e a prevalência do uso do CE foi verificada pela análise bivariada e a regressão de Poisson. Foram entrevistados 730 universitários, com a média de idade de anos 22,56 (±6,25). Destes, 21,8 % faziam o uso cigarro eletrônico e após a análise multivariada manteve-se associado ao desfecho não ter companheiro (RP= 3,31; IC95% 1,04-10,48), morar com amigos/sozinho (RP=1,53; IC95% 1,07-2,18), ter histórico de usuários de cigarro eletrônico na residência (RP= 1,76; IC95%: 1,17- 1,89), consumir bebida alcoólica (RP= 3,07; IC95%: 1,72-5,49) e não praticar atividade física (RP= 3,37; IC95% 2,35-4,83). Conhecer sobre o cigarro eletrônico foi fator protetor (RP= 0,31 IC95% 0,20-0,46). Registrou-se elevada prevalência do uso do cigarro eletrônico, e manteve associados a fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais. Esses achados chamam a atenção para a necessidade de novas medidas regulatórias, a fim de reduzir o uso desse dispositivo.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette use and the association with predictors. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study with a probabilistic sample of university students enrolled in a University Center of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil in the second half of 2022. The dependent variable referred to the use of electronic cigarettes. The independent variables referred to sociodemographic, labor and behavioral factors. The association between the variables investigated and the prevalence of EC use was verified by bivariate analysis and Poisson regression. A total of 730 university students were interviewed, with a mean age of 22.56 (±6.25). Of these, 21.8% used electronic cigarettes and after multivariate analysis, it remained associated with the outcome of not having a partner (PR= 3.31; CI95% 1.04-10.48), living with friends/alone (PR=1.53; CI95% 1.07-2.18), having a history of e-cigarette users in the residence (PR= 1.76; CI95%: 1.17- 1.89), alcohol consumption (PR= 3.07; CI95%: 1.72-5.49) and not practicing physical activity (PR= 3.37; IC95% 2.35-4.83). Knowing about electronic cigarettes was a protective factor (PR= 0.31 CI95% 0.20-0.46). There was a high prevalence of e-cigarette use, and it was associated with sociodemographic and behavioral factors. These findings draw attention to the need for new regulatory measures in order to reduce the use of this device.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos y la asociación con predictores. Se trata de un estudio analítico transversal con una muestra probabilística de estudiantes universitarios matriculados en un Centro Universitario de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil, en el segundo semestre de 2022. La variable dependiente se refería al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Las variables independientes se refirieron a factores sociodemográficos, laborales y conductuales. La asociación entre las variables investigadas y la prevalencia de uso de CE fue verificada por análisis bivariado y regresión de Poisson. Fueron entrevistados 730 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad promedio de 22,56 (±6,25). De estos, 21,8% utilizaron cigarrillos electrónicos y después del análisis multivariado, se mantuvo asociado con el resultado de no tener pareja (RP= 3,31; IC95% 1,04-10,48), vivir con amigos/solo (RP=1,53; IC95% 1,07-2,18), con antecedentes de usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos en la residencia (RP= 1,76; IC95%: 1,17- 1,89), consumo de alcohol (RP= 3,07; IC95%: 1,72-5,49) y no practicar actividad física (RP= 3,37; IC95% 2,35-4,83). El conocimiento de los cigarrillos electrónicos fue un factor protector (RP= 0,31 IC95% 0,20-0,46). Hubo una alta prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos, y se asoció con factores sociodemográficos y de comportamiento. Estos hallazgos llaman la atención sobre la necesidad de nuevas medidas regulatorias para reducir el uso de este dispositivo.

Assessment of the relationship between smoking and meniscal injury / Avaliação da relação entre tabagismo e lesão meniscal

Abstract Objective: To determine whether being a smoker and the years of smoking correlate with the presence and degree of meniscal injury. Materials and Methods: Individuals who underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the knee were divided into two groups: smokers and nonsmokers. For each smoker, the total smoking history was calculated by multiplying the daily consumption (packs/day) by the years of smoking, and the result is expressed as pack-years. In the evaluation of meniscal injury, the grade of injury was recorded. The thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, as an indicator of obesity, was measured at the medial knee on axial plane images. The relationships that smoking and obesity had with meniscal injury were analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 156 individuals were included in the study. The smoker group consisted of 48 individuals (30.8%), and the nonsmoker group consisted of 108 (69.2%). The meniscus was normal in one (2.1%) of the smokers and in 32 (29.6%) of the nonsmokers (p < 0.0001). The median subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was 23 mm and 24 mm in the smokers and nonsmokers, respectively (p = 0.900). A moderate but statistically significant correlation was observed between packs/day and injury grade, as well as between pack-years and injury grade (r = 0.462, p = 0.001 and r = 0.523, p = 0.001, respectively). Smoking and age significantly increased the risk of meniscal injury, by 31.221 times (p = 0.001) and 1.076 times (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that current smoking and smoking history correlate significantly with meniscal injury grade.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a correlação do tabagismo e do tempo de tabagismo com a presença e o grau de lesão do menisco. Materiais e Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a ressonância magnética do joelho e divididos em dois grupos: fumantes e não fumantes. O consumo total de cigarros dos pacientes foi calculado multiplicando-se a quantidade diária de cigarros (maços/dia) pelo tempo de tabagismo (anos). O grau mais alto de lesão foi registrado na avaliação da lesão meniscal. A espessura do tecido adiposo subcutâneo foi medida com base em imagem do joelho em plano axial, como indicador de obesidade. A relação entre tabagismo, obesidade e lesão meniscal foi analisada estatisticamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 156 indivíduos. O grupo de fumantes consistiu de 48 (30,8%) indivíduos e o grupo de não fumantes, de 108 (69,2%) indivíduos. O menisco estava normal em um (2,1%) fumante e em 32 (29,6%) não fumantes (p < 0,0001). A espessura média do tecido adiposo subcutâneo em fumantes foi 23 mm e nos não fumantes foi 24 mm, com valor de p = 0,900. Foi observada correlação moderada e estatisticamente significante entre o grau de lesão por pacote/dia (r = 0,462, p = 0,001) e o grau de lesão por pacote × ano (r = 0,523, p = 0,001). O tabagismo e a idade afetaram significativamente o risco de lesão do menisco (31,221 vezes, p = 0,001 e 1,076 vez, p < 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre tabagismo/dia e grau de lesão do menisco e pacote de tabagismo × ano e grau de lesão do menisco.

Relationship between Smoking and Vocal Self-perception of Trans Women

Objective: To verify the relationship between smoking, age, schooling, and the vocal self-perception of trans women. Methods: Cross-sectional observational quantitative study conducted with 24 trans women over 18 years old, living in their affirmed gender for a minimum of 6 months. Data collection involved selected questions from the translated and authorized Portuguese version of the Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ) and information regarding age, education, occupation, and smoking status. All variables were analyzed descriptively, and the association with smoking was assessed using Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, Student's T, and Mann-Whitney tests, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The mean age of trans women was 28.2 +/- 6.5 years (range: 21 - 48). Most participants (41.6%) had completed their high school education and pursued diverse careers. Regarding smoking habits, 58.3% of women were either current smokers or had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. A statistically significant association was found between smoking and age (p = 0.001), with smokers having a lower average age (24.9 years) compared to nonsmokers (32.9 years). However, no statistical significance was observed between smoking, education, and self-perception of vocal femininity. Only 9 (37.5%) trans women perceived their voices as feminine, while 17 (70.7%) desired a more feminine-sounding voice. Limitation: The limited sample size in this study may have constrained the ability to detect significant differences between the analyzed groups using statistical tests. Conclusion: The smoking prevalence was notably high among younger trans women. However, there was no statistically significant difference in vocal self-perception between those who smoked and those who did not. The majority of trans women expressed a desire for their voices to sound more feminine, particularly among smokers.

Objetivo: Verificar la relación entre el tabaquismo, edad, escolaridad y la autopercepción vocal de mujeres trans. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal cuantitativo realizado con 24 mujeres trans mayores de 18 años, que viven en su género afirmado durante 6 meses. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron preguntas seleccionadas de la versión portuguesa traducida y autorizada del Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ) y datos sobre edad, educación, ocupación y tabaquismo. Todas las variables se analizaron descriptivamente y la asociación con el tabaquismo se realizó mediante las pruebas Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, Exacta de Fisher, T de Student y Mann Whitney, con un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: La edad promedio de las mujeres trans fue de 28,2 +/- 6,5 (rango 21 - 48). La mayoría de las participantes (41,6%) había terminado la escuela secundaria con carreras muy diversas. Respecto al tabaquismo, el 58,3% de las mujeres fuman actualmente o han fumado al menos 100 cigarrillos en su vida. Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el tabaquismo y la edad (p = 0,001), en la que la edad promedio entre los fumadores (24,9 años) fue menor que la de los no fumadores (32,9 años). No hubo significación estadística entre el tabaquismo, la educación y la autopercepción vocal. Solo 9 (37,5%) mujeres trans actualmente consideran su voz femenina y 17 (70,7%) dijeron que la voz ideal podría sonar más femenina. Limitación: La pequeña casuística puede haber limitado la identificación de diferencias entre los grupos analizados a través de pruebas estadísticas. Conclusión: El tabaquismo fue alto entre las mujeres trans, especialmente las más jóvenes. La autopercepción vocal no fue estadísticamente diferente entre los grupos de fumadores y no fumadores. La mayoría de las mujeres trans dijeron que sus voces podrían sonar más femeninas, especialmente las fumadoras.

Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review / El impacto del ciclo menstrual en el abandono de tabaco: Una revisión

Abstract Background Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.

Resumen Antecedentes La información sobre cómo las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual pueden influir en el logro de la abstinencia de tabaco es contradictoria. Objetivo Se realizó una revisión de alcance con el fin identificar la evidencia relacionada al efecto del ciclo menstrual en la abstinencia de tabaco, considerando las variables fases del ciclo, niveles hormonales y síndrome premenstrual. Método Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE y PsycINFO. Se incluyeron diez artículos que realizaban comparaciones entre las fases del ciclo menstrual o bien análisis entre el síndrome premenstrual y una condición de abstinencia (tiempo de abstinencia o síntomas de abstinencia). Resultados Se identificaron dos resultados principales 1) no hay diferencia en los síntomas de abstinencia y el deseo por fumar entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y 2) las tasas de abstinencia de los estudios fueron mayores durante la fase lútea. Discusión y conclusión Se discute si en la fase lútea se puede sugerir el inicio de la abstinencia en mujeres que buscan dejar de fumar, sin embargo, las intervenciones para dejar de fumar deben tomar en cuenta todos los síntomas que se experimentan en la fase lútea.

Mudanças nos comportamentos de saúde em idosos brasileiros: dados das Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019 / Changes in health behaviors in elderly Brazilians: data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Surveys

Resumo Analisaram-se as mudanças nos comportamentos de saúde de idosos (≥65 anos) no Brasil incluídos na Pesquisa Nacional Saúde 2013 (n=7.712) e 2019 (n=15.926). Estudo transversal comparou as estimativas de prevalência e intervalos de confiança à 95% (IC95%) do tabagismo atual e passado; uso abusivo de álcool; atividade física no lazer; consumo de frutas e vegetais ou legumes. Diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significante ao nível de 5%. Todos os comportamentos positivos de saúde aumentaram significativamente no período. O consumo de frutas e de vegetais ou legumes foram os mais prevalentes, e a cessação do fumo o que mais cresceu. O consumo de frutas e vegetais ou legumes, atividade física no lazer e uso abusivo de álcool prevaleceram nas capitais, já fumo atual e passado no interior. Homens tiveram maiores estimativas de fumo atual, passado e uso abusivo de álcool. Nas mulheres mais jovens aumentou significativamente o uso abusivo de álcool. A atividade física no lazer não diferiu entre os sexos. Mulheres consumiram mais frutas em todas as idades e ano, mas verduras ou legumes dependeu da idade e ano. Aumentaram as prevalências dos comportamentos saudáveis de saúde no Brasil. Mas, desigualdades individuais e contextuais permaneceram e afetaram a conquista de níveis mais saudáveis de saúde.

Abstract Changes in health behaviors of elderly people (≥65 years old) in Brazil included in the National Health Survey 2013 (n=7,712) and 2019 (n=15,926) were analyzed. Cross-sectional study compared prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of current and past smoking; alcohol abuse; leisure-time physical activity; consumption of fruit and vegetables. Differences were considered statistically significant at the 5% level. All positive health behaviors increased significantly over the period. The consumption of fruit and vegetables was the most prevalent, and smoking cessation the one that grew the most. The consumption of fruit and vegetables, physical activity during leisure time and alcohol abuse prevailed in the capitals, with current and past smokers prevailing in the interior. Men had higher estimates of current and past smoking and alcohol abuse. In younger women, alcohol abuse significantly increased. Leisure-time physical activity did not differ between the sexes. Women consumed more fruit at all ages and years, but vegetables depended on age and year. The prevalence of healthy behavior has increased in Brazil. However, individual and contextual inequalities have remained and affect the achievement of more positive levels of health.

Asma em adolescentes: o que o estudo ERICA nos mostrou? / Asthma in adolescents: what did ERICA study show us?

A asma é uma doença heterogênea caracterizada pela história de sintomas respiratórios que variam de intensidade e ao longo do tempo. Devido à sua alta prevalência, constitui um problema mundial de saúde pública, atingindo todas as faixas etárias, em especial crianças e adolescentes. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as produções científicas sobre asma baseadas no Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa incluindo os artigos originais sobre asma baseados nos dados do ERICA, publicados em periódicos indexados em inglês e português. O ERICA foi um estudo multicêntrico nacional realizado em 2013 e 2014, que investigou a prevalência de asma e fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo obesidade, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia, tabagismo, sedentarismo, hábitos alimentares inadequados, e a associação entre esses fatores, em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas de municípios brasileiros com mais de 100.000 habitantes. Nos cinco estudos selecionados, foi possível demonstrar que a prevalência de asma foi significativamente maior entre adolescentes do sexo feminino em todas as capitais e macrorregiões do Brasil, com predomínio da doença na região Sudeste do nosso país. Além disso, a asma esteve fortemente associada ao tabagismo (passivo e ativo) e foi associada à duração curta do sono. Por outro lado, não esteve associada com os níveis séricos de vitamina D. Em relação aos parâmetros metabólicos, foi observado que a síndrome metabólica e alguns de seus componentes, como a circunferência abdominal, estiveram significativamente associados à asma grave em adolescentes brasileiros.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a history of respiratory symptoms that vary in intensity and over time. Due to its high prevalence, asthma is considered a global public health problem affecting all age groups, especially children and adolescents. This study aimed to analyze scientific papers on asthma based on the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). We provide a narrative review of original articles on asthma based on ERICA data published in indexed journals in English and Portuguese. ERICA was a national multicenter study conducted in 2013 and 2014 that investigated the prevalence of asthma and cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate eating habits, and the association between these factors in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, students from public and private schools in Brazilian cities of more than 100,000 population. In the 5 selected studies, the prevalence of asthma was significantly higher in female adolescents in all capitals and macro-regions of Brazil, occurring predominantly in the southeast region of the country. In addition, asthma was strongly associated with smoking (passive and active) as well as with short sleep duration, but not with serum vitamin D levels. Regarding metabolic parameters, metabolic syndrome and some of its components, such as waist circumference, were significantly associated with severe asthma in Brazilian adolescents.

Manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas de la eritroplasia bucal en pacientes fumadores de tabaco

Fundamento la eritroplasia es la lesión precancerosa más agresiva de la cavidad oral, con un gran potencial de transformación maligna. Al momento de practicar la biopsia y analizar la muestra, puede aparecer una displasia severa o un carcinoma invasivo. Objetivo describir las manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas de la eritroplasia bucal en pacientes fumadores activos de tabaco. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con 12 fumadores diagnosticados clínica e histopatológicamente con eritroplasia bucal, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Saturnino Lora Torres, de Santiago de Cuba. Para la recolección del dato primario se confeccionó una encuesta con las variables: edad, sexo, diagnóstico clínico, tiempo en el hábito de fumar, diferentes formas de consumir tabaco, localización anatómica y estudio histopatológico de la enfermedad. Resultados prevaleció el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 60 y más años, y los fumadores convencionales de 21 y más años. El infiltrado inflamatorio crónico intenso y la displasia epitelial severa resultaron los cambios hísticos más comunes. Los signos displásicos tisulares mayormente implicados fueron la alteración de los clavos interpapilares, pérdida de la polaridad de las células basales e hiperplasia de las células del estrato basal; mientras que los displásicos citológicos más relevantes resultaron la hipercromasia de núcleos y nucleolos, el pleomorfismo nuclear y el aumento de la relación núcleo-citoplasma, siendo el paladar blando el sitio más frecuente. Conclusiones todos los pacientes fumadores mostraron lesiones eritroplásicas al examen clínico bucal, lo cual fue confirmado por estudio histopatológico.

Foundation erythroplasia is the most aggressive precancerous lesion in the oral cavity, with great potential for malignant transformation. At the time of performing the biopsy and analyzing the sample, severe dysplasia or invasive carcinoma may appear. Objective to describe the clinical and histopathological manifestations of oral erythroplasia in patients who are active tobacco smokers. Methods a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, with 12 smokers clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with oral erythroplasia, attended in the Specialties Polyclinic stomatological consultation of the Saturnino Lora Torres Hospital, in Santiago de Cuba. For the collection of the primary data, a survey was made with the variables: age, sex, clinical diagnosis, time in the smoking habit, different ways of consuming tobacco, anatomical location and histopathological study of the disease. Results the male sex, the age group of 60 years old and over, and conventional smokers of 21 and over prevailed. Intense chronic inflammatory infiltrate and severe epithelial dysplasia were the most common tissue changes. The tissue dysplastic signs most involved were alteration of the interpapillary nails, loss of polarity of the basal cells, and hyperplasia of the basal layer cells; while the most relevant cytological dysplastics were hyperchromasia of nuclei and nucleoli, nuclear pleomorphism and increased nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, with the soft palate being the most frequent site. Conclusions all the smoking patients showed erythroplastic lesions on oral clinical examination, which was confirmed by histopathological study.

Electronic cigarettes: a new social practice and the challenge of tobacco control policies / Cigarros eletrônicos: uma nova prática social e o desafio das Políticas de controle do tabagismo

O tabagismo é uma doença crônica e é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública e tem sido alvo ao longo do tempo de muitas ações preventivas e de promoção à saúde. O produto do tabaco mais consumido entre adultos e jovens é o cigarro convencional, entretanto, o consumo de tabaco sem fumaça ou outros produtos do tabaco fumado, como os cigarros eletrônicos, tem sido observado de forma crescente no mundo. Os dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar (DEF), que têm despertado cada vez mais a atenção de consumidores jovens, envolvem diferentes equipamentos e tecnologias. Fundamentado no princípio da precaução, desde 2009, o Brasil proibiu a comercialização, importação e propaganda de todos os tipos de DEF que oferecessem a substituição de cigarro, cigarrilha, charuto, cachimbo e similares ou que objetivem alternativa ao tratamento do tabagismo, por meio da RDC n 46, de 28 de agosto de 2009. Mesmo proibido no Brasil, evidencia-se o uso dos cigarros eletrônicos como uma alternativa, revelando um novo desafio a ser enfrentado pelas políticas de controle do tabagismo. As lacunas de conhecimento inerentes a uma prática social nova, bem como da necessidade de construção de referenciais que contribuam para a melhor tomada de decisões, seja no âmbito da intervenção profissional ou da gestão das políticas públicas, com vistas a proteger a saúde da população, por si só já torna relevante a ampliação de conhecimentos acerca desta temática. Contudo, é necessário a compreensão de que as ações de prevenção, promoção e controle devem ser compreendidas de forma transversal e interdisciplinar, a fim de que se possa refletir sobre os processos que envolvem aspectos políticos, socioeconômicos e culturais que interagem diretamente com o processo saúde-doença. Deste modo, com base na problemática apresentada e considerando a relevância da temática em questão, como campo pouco enfrentado deste âmbito, destaca-se que a ampliação de investigações e o aprofundamento de discussões sobre ela, possibilitarão uma melhor compreensão e visibilidade do problema

Smoking is a chronic disease and is considered a serious public health problem and has been the target of many preventive and health promotion actions over time. The most consumed tobacco product among adults and young people is the conventional cigarette, however, the consumption of smokeless tobacco or other smoked tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, has been observed on an increasing basis in the world. Electronic smoking devices (EFD), which have increasingly attracted the attention of young consumers, involve different equipment and technologies. Based on the precautionary principle, since 2009, Brazil has prohibited the sale, importation and advertising of all types of DEF that offer the replacement of cigarettes, cigarillos, cigars, pipes and the like or that aim at an alternative to the treatment of smoking, through RDC n 46, of August 28, 2009. Even though it is prohibited in Brazil, the use of electronic cigarettes as an alternative is evident, revealing a new challenge to be faced by tobacco control policies. The knowledge gaps inherent to a new social practice, as well as the need to build references that contribute to better decision-making, whether in the scope of professional intervention or the management of public policies, with a view to protecting the health of the population, for itself already makes the expansion of knowledge about this theme relevant. However, it is necessary to understand that prevention, promotion and control actions must be understood in a transversal and interdisciplinary way, so that one can reflect on the processes that involve political, socioeconomic and cultural aspects that interact directly with the health process -illness. Thus, based on the problem presented and considering the relevance of the issue in question, as a field little faced in this area, it is emphasized that the expansion of investigations and the deepening of discussions about it, will allow a better understanding and visibility of the problem.

The impact of smoking on the complications of acute appendicitis

Introduction: The pathophysiology of appendicitis likely stems from obstruction of the appendiceal orifice leading to an increase in intraluminal and intramural pressure, resulting in small vessel occlusion and lymphatic stasis. Organ supplied by an end artery, such as the appendix, are more prone to the deleterious effects of arterial occlusion. The continuous cigarette smoking might be associated with a greater risk for developing atherosclerosis. Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the incidence of complications of acute appendicitis. Methods: Patients suffered from symptoms and signs suggesting acute appendicitis were examined and investigated. a multiple items collecting data questionnaire including smoking status and exclusion of confounders were constructed. The complicated and non-complicated appendicitis were compared concerning their smoking status. Results: Seventy-two Patients were included in this study; the mean age of studied patients was 24.13 ± 9.1 years. The age of 57% of patients were below the mean age and considered as younger age group, while the remaining 43% of patients were equal or above the mean age which considered as older age group. Thirty-three percentage of patients had ≥ 36 hours prehospital delay and considered as delay group, while the remaining 67% of patients had < 36 hours prehospital delay which considered no delay group, males constitute 54% of studied patients. smokers constitute 29% while the remaining 71% of studied patients were nonsmokers, 61.9% of the smokers developed complications of appendicitis. Conclusion: Perforated acute appendicitis is higher among current tobacco smokers. (AU)

The association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and overweight in Brazilian adolescents: an analysis based on the grade of membership / A associação entre múltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular e o excesso de peso em adolescentes brasileiros: uma análise baseada no grade of membership

Abstract The aim of the current research is to analyze the coexistence of modifiable risk behaviors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 12-to-17-year-old adolescents living in Brazil and their influence on overweight. National, cross-sectional, school-based epidemiological study focused on estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in 12 to 17 year old adolescents enrolled in public and private schools in Brazilian counties accounting for more than 100 thousand inhabitants. The grade of membership method was used to identify the coexistence of risk factors among adolescents. The analytical sample comprised 71,552 adolescents. According to the two herein generated profiles, adolescents classified under Profile 2 have shown behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and diet rich in Ultra-processed food intake ≥ 80% of the percentage of total caloric value. In addition, adolescents presenting CVD risk profile have shown increased likelihood of being overweight. The study has found coexistence of risk factors for CVD in Brazilian adolescents, with emphasis on tobacco smoking and alcoholic beverage intake. In addition, it heads towards the analysis of the association between CVD risk factors and health outcomes, such as overweight.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a coexistência de comportamentos de risco modificáveis para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos residentes no Brasil e sua influência no excesso de peso. Estudo epidemiológico nacional, transversal, de base escolar, com foco em estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de municípios brasileiros que somam mais de 100 mil habitantes. O grade of membership foi utilizado para identificar a coexistência de fatores de risco entre os adolescentes. A amostra analítica foi composta por 71.552 adolescentes. De acordo com os dois perfis gerados, os adolescentes classificados no Perfil 2 mostraram comportamentos como fumar, consumo de álcool e dieta rica em alimentos ultraprocessados ≥ 80% da porcentagem do valor calórico total. Além disso, adolescentes com perfil de risco para DCV mostraram maior probabilidade de apresentar excesso de peso. O estudo encontrou coexistência de fatores de risco para DCV em adolescentes brasileiros, com destaque para tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Além disso, demonstra associação entre fatores de risco para DCV e desfechos de saúde, como o excesso de peso.

START RUN, BEFORE SMOKE RUIN – THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SMOKING CESSATION

The impact of tobacco on health status is boundless. Smoking tobacco is responsible for various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, periodontal disease etc. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking cessation reduces the risk of many diseases. However cravings and withdrawal syndromes have been associated with smoking relapse. Thus exercise plays a significant role in the management of tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings that anticipate smoking relapse.

Tratamiento del tabaquismo guiado por marcadores genéticos

Introducción: Entre las adicciones por drogas, el tabaquismo ocupa el primer lugar como causa de morbimortalidad y es factor de riesgo para seis de las ocho principales causas de muerte en el mundo. La nicotina es el principal componente adictivo del tabaco. En la terapia de reemplazo con nicotina (TRN), la vareniclina y el bupropion son los medicamentos aprobados para tratamiento del tabaquismo, pero los resultados de las clínicas de dejación del tabaquismo sugieren que aún se desconoce muchas variables influyentes en la respuesta al tratamiento. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia, la tolerabilidad y la efectividad de un programa de dejación de tabaquismo basado en nicotina o bupropion, en pacientes con dependencia al tabaco, seleccionados según los genotipos de las enzimas que metabolizan los dos fármacos. Hallazgos clínicos: Se incluyeron en esta serie 21 fumadores, 67% hombres, con edad promedio de 46,2±11,7 años. Su tabaquismo comenzó a los 17,8±6 años y llevaban fumando 28±13 años. Al inicio del estudio fumaban 17±12 cigarrillos por día (CPD), habían hecho 3,7±2 intentos de dejar de fumar y el puntaje NDSS (escala breve de evaluación de dependencia de la nicotina, por sus siglas en inglés) fue de 22±5 (punto de corte para dependencia a nicotina: 11 o más puntos). Tratamiento: Los pacientes tenían libre acceso telefónico al médico tratante y, cada semana, una consulta consistente en consejería y control del tratamiento farmacológico prescrito según los genotipos CYP2A6 (que codifica la enzima que metaboliza la nicotina) y CYP2B6 (que codifica la enzima que metaboliza el bupropion). Se empleó nicotina en parches transdérmicos de 14 mg el primer mes y luego de 7 mg el segundo mes, complementados con chicles para manejo del síndrome de abstinencia y bupropion en forma de liberación regulada por 300 mg, 1-2 veces al día. Resultados: Después de 8 semanas de tratamiento y 4 de observación, 15 sujetos (71,4%) respondieron en forma parcial/total. El consumo de CPD bajó de 17±12 al inicio del estudio, a 2,2±3,5 al final del estudio, que corresponde a una reducción de 195 cigarrillos/día. Siete de ocho pacientes tratados con bupropion (87,5%) y siete de trece tratados con nicotina (54%) tuvieron respuesta parcial/total. Solo un paciente formulado con nicotina suspendió el medicamento por intolerancia gastrointestinal (náusea y vómito). La tasa de recaídas, evaluada un mes después del tratamiento farmacológico, fue de cero. Se encontró buena correlación genotipo-fenotipo en los individuos tratados con bupropion, pero no en los tratados con nicotina. Relevancia clínica: La inclusión de marcadores farmacogenéticos para la elección de nicotina o bupropion en un programa de dejación de tabaquismo puede mejorar la adherencia, la tolerabilidad al fármaco y la efectividad del tratamiento.

Introduction: Among drug addictions, smoking ranks first as a cause of morbidity and mortality and is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death in the world. Nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco. In nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline and bupropion are the approved medications for smoking cessation, but results from smoking cessation clinics suggest that many variables influencing response to treatment remain unknown. Objective: To determine the adherence, tolerability and effectiveness of a smoking cessation program based on nicotine or bupropion, in patients with tobacco dependence, selected according to the genotypes of the enzymes that metabolize the two drugs. Clinical findings: Twenty-one smokers were included in this series, 67% men, with a mean age of 46.2 ± 11.7 years. Their smoking began at 17.8±6 years and they had been smoking for 28±13 years. At baseline, they smoked 17±12 cigarettes per day (CPD), had made 3.7±2 quit attempts, and the NDSS score it was 22±5 (cut-off point for nicotine dependence: 11 or more points). Treatment: The patients had free telephone access to the treating physician and, every week, a consultation consisting of counseling and control of the pharmacological treatment prescribed according to the CYP2A6 genotypes (encoding the enzyme that metabolizes nicotine) and CYP2B6 (coding for the enzyme that metabolizes bupropion). Nicotine was used in transdermal patches of 14 mg the first month and then 7 mg the second month, supplemented with gum to manage the withdrawal syndrome and bupropion in the form of controlled release 300 mg, 1-2 times a day. Results: After 8 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of observation, 15 subjects (71.4%) responded partially/totally. CPD consumption dropped from 17±12 at the beginning of the study to 2.2±3.5 at the end of the study, which corresponds to a reduction of 195 cigarettes/day. Seven of eight patients treated with bupropion (87.5%) and seven of thirteen treated with nicotine (54%) had a partial/total response. Only one patient receiving nicotine discontinued the medication due to gastrointestinal intolerance (nausea and vomiting). The relapse rate, assessed one month after drug treatment, was zero. Good genotype-phenotype correlation was found in individuals treated with bupropion, but not in those treated with nicotine. Clinical relevance: The inclusion of pharmacogenetic markers for the choice of nicotine or bupropion in a smoking cessation program may improve adherence, drug tolerability, and treatment effectiveness.

Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping

ABSTRACT The tobacco epidemic has been one of the biggest public health threats, and smoking is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death. An estimated 15.4% of all deaths in the world are attributable to tobacco smoking. The present review aims to describe addiction to tobacco smoking and vaping. Tobacco and vaping devices contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug, which explains why smoking is so prevalent and persistent. Electronic cigarettes are a group of novel nicotine or tobacco products that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Electronic cigarette devices allow for the use of other drugs, including THC, while the lax regulation may allow for the introduction of toxic compounds that can lead to acute or subacute toxicity, such as the e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury that has been linked to vitamin E acetate. In addition, regular vapers and heated tobacco devices emit toxins, although at lower concentrations than burned tobacco. However, more and more side effects have been identified. No new effective treatment for nicotine addiction has been developed recently, despite its huge adverse impact on overall health and other outcomes. As for the primary line of medications, the last one started in 2006, the varenicline, demonstrating a low interest in developing new medications against smoking, an unacceptable state of affairs, given the huge impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality.

Background cardiovascular risk factors in patients of metastatic prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: A retrospective observational study from a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is indispensable part of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (MPC) patients. There is documented association between ADT and adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, with variability between the different modes. However, there is dearth of evidence on the background CV risk factors of these group of patients at diagnosis. Aims and Objectives: We envisaged this retrospective observational study in the department of oncology to document the background CV risk factors of MPC patients at diagnosis, to help us better select the available ADTs based on their CV risks. Materials and Methods: Over a period of 2 years, all patients registered for treatment with a diagnosis of MPC, indicated for ADT, and available detailed history and background cardiological evaluation at presentation, were included in the study. As indirect indicators of CV risks, history of smoking, presence and treatment of dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), were documented. As direct indicators of CV risks, presence and treatment of hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), ECG, and echocardiography changes suggesting cardiac morbidity were documented and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results: Indirect indicators: dyslipidemia, habit of smoking, and T2DM were found in 74%, 29.3%, and 13.3% patients, respectively. Direct indicators: Presence of hypertension, IHD, CCF, abnormalities in ECG, and echocardiography were found in 38.7%, 10.6%, 4%, 28%, and 34.6% patients, respectively. ST-T changes on ECG, low EF, and IHD on echocardiography were seen in 28.5%, 23%, and 26.9%, respectively. Conclusions: MPC patients have a substantial pre-existing CV risk at diagnosis. Our findings warrant a meticulous screening of all MPC patients for CV risk factors, to help in judicious selection of their ADT.

Morphological Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Respiratory System and Related Functions Based on AQPs Expression

SUMMARY: A great deal of attention of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing, particularly in relation to haze days. It is that exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants, thereby increasing the complexity of respiratory diseases. Although there are various mechanisms involved to respiratory diseases caused or worsen by cigarette smoking, in which the role of AQPs in the lung with regard to fluid homeostasis still remains elusive. In this paper, we copied the rat models based on smoke generator, and investigated the morphological changes of mucosa and related functions depending on the balance of lining liquid of alveoli via AQPs expression. Compared with normal group, weak labelling of AQP1 and AQP5 protein abundance were clearly detected in the corresponding part of smoke exposure groups compared with normal group. Hence, it is suggested that the contribution of AQPs in the lung is diminished, thereby causing perturbed balancing between resorptive and secretory fluid homeostasis under cigarette smoking.

Cada vez se presta más atención a la contaminación del aire en la salud respiratoria, particularmente, en relación con los días de neblina. En consecuencia la exposición al humo del cigarrillo aumenta la toxicidad de los contaminantes comunes del aire, lo que además aumenta la complejidad de las enfermedades respiratorias. Aunque existen varios mecanismos involucrados en las enfermedades respiratorias causadas o empeoradas por el tabaquismo, en las que el papel de las AQP en el pulmón respecto a la homeostasis de líquidos sigue siendo difícil de alcanzar. En este artículo, copiamos los modelos de rata basados en el generador de humo e investigamos los cambios morfológicos de la mucosa y las funciones relacionadas según el equilibrio del líquido de revestimiento de los alvéolos a través de la expresión de AQP. En comparación con el grupo normal, se detectó claramente un etiquetado débil de la abundancia de proteínas AQP1 y AQP5 en la parte correspondiente de los grupos de exposición al humo en comparación con el grupo control. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la contribución de las AQP en el pulmón está disminuida, provocando así un equilibrio perturbado entre la homeostasis del líquido secretor y de reabsorción bajo el hábito de fumar cigarrillos.